Vector Control And Insecticide Treated Mosquito Nets

The current interventions in place are vector control and insecticide treated mosquito nets. Vector control involves the reduction of vector habitats through the use of chemical larvicides and adulticides and of biological control agents. This method is hindered however, by a weak program capacity, as well as by the absence of well-defined indicators and program targets along with a poor understanding of efficacy and cost-effectiveness of control measures particularly in terms of reducing transmission (World Health Organization). Not only this, but pesticides can also be extremely harmful to the environment and can end up in the water supply due to runoff, leading to a further potential harm for humans and animals. An important factor in vector control is that all insecticides run the risk of mosquitos becoming resistant. The Malaria Journal states that, mosquito nets often go unused due to the heat associated with sleeping under them and perceived mosquito density. Nets are usually treated with insecticide and mosquitos are beginning to become resistant to the particular pesticide used. Nets, though efficient if used, must be replaced every three to four years. There are other interventions in place, such as public awareness campaigns. As I have stated there are numerous problems associated with the current interventions. They are not enough to curb the spread of Dengue, thus funding for vaccine research is the most effective possible intervention. Vaccine researchShow MoreRelatedAfghanistan And Its Effects On The Health And Wellbeing Of The Entire Country1313 Words   |  6 Pagesimprovement. As a result the Work Health Organisation along with other health agencies have implemented strategies to control the infection and mortality rate among the population. Disease Profile of Malaria Malaria is a life-threatening blood, mosquito-borne infectious disease  caused by a small parasite called plasmodium, that is transmitted to humans and other animals by the anopheles mosquito.  Plasmodium  a single-cell parasitic protozoa is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected female AnophelesRead MoreMalaria is Passed to Humans through a Parasitic Mosquito1457 Words   |  6 PagesLocated in the Kingdom Protozoan Malaria is a parasitic mosquito born organism passed to humans by several species of the genus Anopheles and is responsible for about 220 million infections every year and 600,000- 1,200,000 deaths every year. The developing world is disproportionately affected which had led to some unique changes when dealing with infections such as drugs needing to be cheap, administered orally and stable at relatively high temperatures. However in keeping with the old saying preventionRead MoreDDT Case Study742 Words   |  3 PagesControl of pyrethroid and DDT-resi stant Anopheles gambiae by application of indoor residual spraying or mosquito nets treated with a long-lasting organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos-methyl The Malaria Journal presented a study in which experimental huts were investigated by the BioMed Central within the means of DDT and safer alternatives through indoor residual spraying(IRS) and insecticide treated nets(ITNs) testing in order to effectively eliminate the most mosquitoes, or in this case,Read MoreMalaria. A Global Health Problem. Jianyi Li. 53071873.1458 Words   |  6 PagesMalaria A Global Health Problem Jianyi Li 53071873 Public Health 1 2017 Dr. Zuzana Bic â€Æ' I. Public Health Problem Malaria is a tropical disease transmitted through Anopheles mosquitos that carry the Plasmodium parasite. This disease exists as a public health problem because when bitten by an infected mosquito, the Plasmodium parasite can cause serious illness that, if left untreated, may lead to death. This is a health threat that affects approximately 212 million people and leads to the deaths ofRead MoreDifferent Treatments And Control Methods3472 Words   |  14 PagesExplores Present Treatments and Control Methods against both the vector and the DCO in the human host and the advantages and disadvantages of these treatments as well as some of the political and economical barriers that surround treatment development Faathuma Mohumed 1343210 ENTOMOLOGY 392 MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY Dr. Andrew Keddie March 30, 2015 Malaria is a fever based disease caused by a microscopic parasite that is carried by a vector mosquito. An estimated 247 million casesRead MoreMalaria Is A Threat Of Malaria1120 Words   |  5 PagesMalaria, just the very name rings with menace. It is a life threatening disease cause by parasites transmitted from infected bites of female mosquitoes. Now if you live in any area that is humid, hot, and prone to rain or near water and has mosquitos you are at risk for contracting this parasite. Normally Africa, South America, Middle East, rarely developed countries. About 3.2 billion people, almost half of the world’s population, are at risk of malaria. Granted we live in a time where in the UnitedRead MoreDDT Isnt Cool With Me Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"if not treated can lead to jaundice, kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death† (CDC p.2. There are four types of malaria: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae with the most common type being plasmodium falciparum. (CDC p.1) ).. This disease can only be transmitted by an interaction of blood as the parasite lives in the red blood cells of the infected host individual. This can be due to blood transfusions, sharing of syringes or by its common vector, the AnophelesRead MoreMalari An Health Problem That Can Be Stopped Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem that will be address will be a vector borne disease called Malaria. Malaria is a life threatening blood disease transmitted through a vector, a vector is an organism which aid in the transmission of disease. It is caused by parasites transmitted to humans through the bite of a mosquito. There are about 174 different species of mosquitos however in Nigeria there are 17 different species belonging to three genera (Anopheles, Culex and Aedes). The Anopheles mosquito is responsible for transmittingRead MoreThe Ongoing Battle with Making the World Malaria Free Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough there have been many years of research and planned measurements to control the outbreak of malaria, the realization of a malaria-free world remains an ongoing battle. The widespread of this disease continues to expand to different origins in the world. â€Å"An estimated two billion people (more than 40% of the world population) live in areas with malaria risk (MFI).† â€Å"The global annual incidence ranges between three to five hundred million clinical cases, with a death toll of between two toRead MoreAn Controversial Control Methods For Malaria1841 Words   |  8 PagesMany animals kill countless numbers of humans every second, minutes, and hours. The mosquito is among those predators, and it causes the most morbidity and mortality among humans compared to any other animal or insect. Mosquitoes are notoriously known for causing malaria worldwide. Malaria is a disabling illness which can result in mobility and mortality. People infected with the disease become weak over a period of time. This reduces their productivity level; thus it makes simple activities of daily

Statistic Study Notes Wgu (Selected Chapters) Essay

Using Research and Statistics in Health Care *14 this topic addresses the following learning objectives: * Explain the role of research in developing knowledge for use in health care evidence-based practice situations. * Identify several ways that research can influence healthcare policy. * Identify peer-reviewed healthcare research articles. * Differentiate between descriptive and inferential research questions in a peer-reviewed article on healthcare research. * Identify the problem statement/purpose/aim in a peer-reviewed article on healthcare research. * Identify the theoretical or conceptual framework used in a peer-reviewed article on healthcare research. * Differentiate between Anderson’s model of†¦show more content†¦Theory of Planned Behavior A theory often used in the research of individual health behavior and behavioral intentions is the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). According to this theory, the performance of any behavior depends on behavioral intention. Behavioral intention is viewed as bei ng dependent on behavioral beliefs (e.g., attitude towards the behavior), normative beliefs, and control beliefs. Normative beliefs are beliefs about the expectations of others, and control beliefs are beliefs about the factors that may help or hinder the performance of the behavior. The framework for the study of physical activity discussed earlier by Armitage (2005) is based on this theory. That study found that behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs all contribute to physical activity behavior. Organizing, Displaying, and Describing Data *10 This topic addresses the following learning objectives: * Explain the nature, purpose, and types of statistics available for analyzing healthcare-related data. * Define mathematical symbols commonly used in healthcare

Develop a Personal Leadership Model

Question: Discuss about the Develop a Personal Leadership Model. Answer: Introduction Leaders play very important roles in organizations that they lead. Basically they provide overall guidance to employees on what needs to be done, how it is supposed to be done, when it is supposed to be done and by whom. By this, they ensure that everything at the work place is being carried out in an orderly manner without confusing the employees (Day, 2014). Leadership is the act of influencing a group towards achievement of certain predetermined goals. A leader is able to guide and influence the behavior of the people that he or she leads. Leaders adopt different leadership styles based on the attributes that they possess. There are those who adopt servant leadership, authoritarian leadership, charismatic leadership, situational leadership among other forms of leadership (Adair, 2010). Main idea My leadership model will be based on three leadership areas including ethics, team work and leadership theory. Precisely based on this leadership model, much emphasis will be laid on a collaborative approach instead of a boss servant approach of doing things. Additionally, the model also emphasizes on ethical conduct of a leader regarding their association and interaction with their team as well as attributes that make different leaders unique. So the main idea will be what separates exemplary leaders from the rest based on their unique attributes. Effective leadership Leadership Traits A trait is an attribute or a quality that makes a person unique from the rest. In the context of organizational leadership, leadership traits are what differentiate one leader from the other. Emotional stability Leaders usually encounter a lot of challenges from having to deal with difficult employees to taking responsibility for actions performed by the employees that they lead, having to meet deadlines among other work place pressures. However a good leader is expected to maintain emotional stability in the face of all these work pressures Effective leaders are those that can deal with high levels of stress and cope in the most difficult situations (Harwiki, 2016.) Integrity Another most important leadership attribute is integrity. A leader must be of unquestionable character. They must actually do what is right instead of pretending to do what is right. Its commonly said that the followers of a certain leader embody the attributes possessed by that leader. If a leader is of questionable integrity, the same will be displayed in his or her followers (Polelle,2008). Inspiration Leader need to be in a position to inspire the people that they lead both through their actions and what they say. If a leader is inspirational in nature, they will affect the behavior of their subordinates positively and make them to strive for higher goals. Decisiveness Leaders need to be effective decision makers. In the course of their duties, leaders are usually confronted with a number of challenges or situations that require them to make speedy and accurate decisions. Unless they possess this attribute, they are likely to encounter challenges (Rumsey, 2013). Leadership Skills These are the skills that enable leaders to lead effectively Communication Leaders exercise authority over a number of people in their organization. For this reason, they need to be in constant communication either to offer training, guidance or to delegate duties. However they cannot do this effectively if they are not good communicators. This makes communication skills a very important attribute that need to be posed by leaders. Results driven Great leaders are driven by the achievement of results. They do not sit down and watch as everything unfolds but they are part of unfolding of everything. They lead by example and set targets that are achievable. Such leaders are able to influence their followers towards achievement of certain set targets (Schein, 2010). Builds relationships Relationship building is a very important attribute foe leader. Organizations usually have different people working towards similar goals. For this reason, leaders need to build relationships both between themselves and their group and among the group members by emphasizing the importance of working together as a group. This can improve the output of the group Planning Planning is also an important skill in leadership; leaders are required to formulate different plans for different activities. Sometimes achievement of results is dependent on how effective planning has been done. It is extremely important for a leader to possess excellent planning skills. Leadership tasks These are roles that leaders perform on regular basis Motivating Motivation is the external or internal stimulus that gives a person a reason for doing something. It is the role of leaders to keep motivating their subordinates towards achievement of both personal and organizational goals. Effective leaders ate great motivators (Komives Wagner,2012). Envisioning goals Its the role of leaders to set goals for the groups that they lead. Effective leaders envision goals that are best suited for their groups. They are able to set both short term and long term goals depending on the needs of the groups that they lead (Michael Lochrie,2009) Affirming values Groups are usually guided by certain values that regulate how people relate and associate with each other as well as their overall conduct .Great leaders ensure that there are shared values, beliefs and customs among their group to ensure that the group is focused in the same direction. Core Values Trust Trust is an important component of this model. It emphasizes on building trust among the group member as well as between the group members and the group leader for the achievement of group goals (March Weil, 2005). Openness By emphasizing on team work, openness becomes a very important value for the group, if the group members are open with their leader and vice versa, they will be able to exchange ideas freely and seek solutions for challenges that they may be experiencing. Innovation and creativity By encouraging team work, and avoiding authoritarian leadership, a leader makes it possible for the employees to be innovative and creative in as far as performance of their duties and responsibilities is concerned. This value can make them more efficient. Objectives of the Leadership model Productivity Among other considerations, productivity will be the key objective for this model. This model will create a great sense of trust between the leader and subordinates. Existence of a positive relationship between the leader and the group is likely to have a positive impact on employees productivity Involvement By encouraging team work and consultations employees will get a chance to b involved in decision making over a couple of things that affect them either directly or indirectly. Loyalty With this model, employees will have a chance to voice their concerns; this will make it possible for their needs to be catered for as most of the decisions to be made will recognize the needs of employees. The employees will develop a sense of belonging will be more loyal to their organization. Benefits to groups and organizations Retention of talents In a situation where employee needs will be catered for and the role of employees recognized, there will be a sense of satisfaction on the part of employees which will make them remain with their employer. Increased Profits Employee satisfaction will make employees more productive because they will focus more on their output .Because of this, organization productivity levels will raise resulting to increased profits. Improved group cohesion and output Emphasis on team work will increase collaborations between different employees .Different brains put together will result to increased group output and motivation. Organization/ Group culture under the new model Cooperation Implementation of this model would ensure there is a culture of cooperation among the various stakeholders for the organization, from employees and the management to employees and fellow employees Mutual respect By respecting the rights of employees and involving them in decision-making on matters that affect them directly or indirectly, there will exist some form of respect for the management from the employees. Organization Commitment Employees are likely to be committed to an organization that is concerned about their well being and which considers them as equal partners. If employees are treated well they will remain committed to their organization. Differences with current model This model is different from the current model by the fact that it emphasizes on a servant leadership approach unlike the current model which is authoritarian in nature. Under the current model managers are the sole decision makers. Decision making is made without consultations. It does not focus on team work and collaboration. In short the managers basically impose their will on employees without being mindful of the impact it has on employee (Colker, 2009). The only aim is achievement of what they want to be achieved, they dont really care how. My model will be the opposite of this will seek t consider the input of employees in decision making Application of the new model I will first start by using the model with the people that I lead and because this new model will cater for both the needs of the employees and the need of management, I will then consult with both sides and then incorporate any suggestions and make any changes that may be proposed will then apply the model in one department before spreading it to the whole organization Conclusion Based on the above analysis, it is important to note the important part that leadership plays in organizational success. Because of this reason it is important to ensure that organizations adopt an implement the right leadership model so that the needs and expectations of all players are met. Under the new model, both the needs of employees and those of the management will be met. This will reduce work place disputes significantly. References: Adair, J. E. (2010). Develop your leadership skills. Philadelphia, Kogan Page. https://site.ebrary.com/id/10502449. Colker, J. O. (2009). A grounded theory approach to developing a theory of leadership through a case study of ShoreBank. Phoenix: University of Phoenix. Day, D. V. (2014). The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations. Harwiki, W., 2016. The Impact of Servant Leadership on Organization Culture, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) and Employee Performance in Women Cooperatives. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, pp.283-290. Komives, S. R., Wagner, W. (2012). Leadership for a Better World: Understanding the Social Change Model of Leadership Development. Hoboken, John Wiley Sons. https://www.123library.org/book_details/?id=53439. March, J., Weil, T. (2005). On Leadership: a Short Course. Oxford, John Wiley Sons. https://www.123library.org/book_details/?id=7523. Michael, B., Lochrie, R. J. (2009). Integrity: the core of leadership. Mustang, Okla, Tate Publishing Enterprises. Polelle, M. (2008). Leadership: fifty great leaders and the worlds they made. Westport, Conn, Greenwood Press. Rumsey, M. G. (2013). The Oxford handbook of leadership. New York, Oxford University Press. Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.

Islam and Women free essay sample

If a woman is married and her husband is niggardly, the wife has the right to take of her husband’s property without his consent, to satisfy her own and her family’s reasonable needs. Also, if a woman was comfortably maintained as a daughter, then as a wife, she is entitled to the same economic standard of living if her husband can afford it. Employment Islam gives the woman the same work rights as men, so long as her important role as a mother and a wife is not neglected. The sacred role of a wife and mother is paramount and indispensable to society. Without her, the future generation would lack the healthy moral conscience that is needed for the success and stability of any individual and community. Professionalism, hard work, and loving commitment are the natural skills that a woman as a mother, imparts. However, Muslim women are free to pursue employment if they are able to, and with the agreement of their husbands if married. We will write a custom essay sample on Islam and Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page History is witness to Muslim women’s contribution to civilisation in various professions such as teaching, medicine and other fields. Inheritance Islam gives the woman the right of inheritance whereas in some cultures, women were considered themselves objects to be inherited! The woman is allotted a share of inheritance and this is hers to retain and manage no one can lay any claim to it, including her father or her husband. Allah says: â€Å"Unto men [of the family] belongs a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, and unto women a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, whether it be a little or much a determined share. † (Ouran 4:7) Generally, (but not always), her share is one half the man’s share. The woman is her own â€Å"manageress† in Islam; in discharging her responsibilities, she fully enjoys the fringe benefits that her position offers while her independent decisions and duties are accountable to Allah. Indeed, throughout history, the integrity, chastity and maternal role of Muslim women has attracted admiration from even the most impartial observers. For it is only Islam that covers the woman with the robe of modesty and crowns her with the bonnet of purity, providing her with the unique opportunity to contribute comfortably to society. What Grace and Mercy the Beneficent showers upon the woman! For every joy experienced and every effort made, willingly and lovingly on the Path of Allah’s Pleasure, the woman, just as the man, receives the same good-tidings of the happiness and delights, that are ever-flowing from Allah. â€Å"Whoever works righteousness, man or woman, and has faith, verily to him We will give a new life, a life that is good and pure and We will bestow on such, reward according to the best of their actions. † (Qur’an 16:97)

3 Sentences with Dangling Modifiers

3 Sentences with Dangling Modifiers 3 Sentences with Dangling Modifiers 3 Sentences with Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol Coming from my inexhaustible supply of dangling modifiers, you will find this post a helpful exercise in how to spot this type of error. That lead sentence, of course, contains a dangling modifier, a phrase providing additional information about a sentence’s subject that does not associate directly with the subject. In this case, because the subject is you, the implication is that you, dear reader, rather than the contents of this post, are coming from the stated source. The sentence is better presented as follows: â€Å"You will find this post, coming from my inexhaustible supply of dangling modifiers, a helpful exercise in how to spot this type of error.† Here are a few sentences with the same class of mistake, followed by my suggested solutions: 1. â€Å"As the only one with a Muslim-sounding name in class, people turned to her on questions about Islam. This sentence refers to â€Å"people† representing a heretofore unmentioned individual’s classmates rather than that person, as â€Å"the only one with a Muslim-sounding name in class,† so the initial modifying phrase should be revised to clearly identify the person consulted as described: â€Å"Because she was the only person in the class with a Muslim-sounding name, people turned to her on questions about Islam. (Also, the statement contains not only a dangling modifier but also a misplaced modifier two distinct phenomena: The positioning of â€Å"in class† is not incorrect, but the phrase is best relocated earlier in the sentence, as I have done in my revision.) However, the person could also be explicitly introduced as the subject of the sentence: â€Å"As the only person in class with a Muslim-sounding name, she was the one people turned to on questions about Islam.† 2. â€Å"After leaving Chez Fez, this chef’s culinary talents have reached the highest level at his new restaurant.† The implication in this sentence, as constructed, is that the chef’s culinary talents somehow detached themselves from his being and found their zenith elsewhere. To reflect the writer’s true meaning, the modifier could be revised to refer to the actual subject (with an additional replacement of after with since): â€Å"Since this chef left Chez Fez, his culinary talents have reached the highest level at his new restaurant.† Alternatively, the subject of the sentence must be unequivocally altered to refer to the chef himself, not his talents, which did leave his previous place of employment but did so as part of him: â€Å"Since leaving Chez Fez, this chef has found that his culinary talents have reached the highest level at his new restaurant.† 3. â€Å"As the foundation of Western civilization, learning about ancient Greece provides students a solid grounding in many of the philosophies that shape modern life and thought in the Western world.† It is not learning about ancient Greece but ancient Greece itself that should be posited as the foundation of Western civilization. Begin the sentence with the reference to ancient Greece: â€Å"Ancient Greece is the foundation of Western civilization, and learning about it provides students a solid grounding in many of the philosophies that shape modern life and thought in the Western world.† Another option is to begin with the participial phrase â€Å"Learning about ancient Greece† and making the phrase â€Å"as the foundation of Western civilization† an interspersed parenthetical: â€Å"Learning about ancient Greece, the foundation of Western civilization, provides students a solid grounding in many of the philosophies that shape modern life and thought in the Western world.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Social vs. Societal7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Alioramus - Facts and Figures

Alioramus - Facts and Figures Name: Alioramus (Greek for different branch); pronounced AH-lee-oh-RAY-muss Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and 500-1,000 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; numerous teeth; bony crests on snout About Alioramus An awful lot has been abstracted about Alioramus ever since a single, incomplete skull was discovered in Mongolia in 1976. Paleontologists believe this dinosaur was a medium-sized tyrannosaur closely related to another Asian meat-eater, Tarbosaurus, from which it differed in both its size and in the distinctive crests running along its snout. As with many dinosaurs reconstructed from partial fossil specimens, though, not everyone agrees that Alioramus was all that its cracked up to be. Some paleontologists maintain that the fossil specimen belonged to a juvenile Tarbosaurus, or perhaps was not left by a tyrannosaur at all but by an entirely different kind of meat-eating theropod (hence this dinosaurs name, Greek for different branch). A recent analysis of a second Alioramus specimen, discovered in 2009, indicates that this dinosaur was even more bizarre than previously thought. It turns out that this presumed tyrannosaur sported a row of five crests on the front of its snout, each about five inches long and less than an inch high, the purpose of which is still a mystery (the most likely explanation is that they were a sexually selected characteristicthat is, males with bigger, more prominent crests were more attractive to females during mating seasonsince these growths would have been completely useless as an offensive or defensive weapon). These same bumps are also seen, albeit in muted form, on some specimens of Tarbosaurus, yet more evidence that these may have been one and the same dinosaur.

Self-awareness Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self-awareness - Personal Statement Example This exposure to different countries, cultures and languages made me appreciate the diversity that the world has to offer. As a result I am able to speak, although not as fluently as English, a number of influential languages for example French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and a bit of Zulu. In travelling one comes across other people’s beliefs and traditions some of which seem primitive to the western world standards while others seem quite sophisticated. At times one is led to question their own beliefs on whether they are strong enough or even superior to others. As a Christian, meeting strong believers in Islam always felt like we were in completely different worlds based on the outlook that these religions give to followers regarding the world around us. It is also through travelling and interacting with different people that one best notices their biases and fears. Before the family started going on international vacations, it was hard to comprehend the fact that other coun tries especially in the third and second worlds could be beautiful or enjoyable to live in. It was a big shock to realise that some African countries and others in Asia are quite beautiful and people there treat visitors with utmost respect and dignity. I would be biased on products manufactured from these countries but I realised that theirs are not as chemically produced as ours are. Agricultural products for example from Asia and Africa tend to be sweeter and more natural as farmers use minimum technology and few chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides. Some of my fears are centred on a variety of animals. Coming into contact with anything that has wings or scales can make me have a heart attack. It is ironical that I love turkey and chicken meat more than I do beef or pork. I also love to watch birds fly but I would flee if one came near while the same case applies to reptiles mostly snakes and African crocodiles. Above all fears is the fear to wrong others intentionally. I ha ve grown in a family where respect for one another was highly valued. Fearing to hurt others automatically leads to respect to people and humanity in general. I believe in Santa which is one myth that I have held on since childhood. Morality is another key aspect that my family instilled in us. Due to the strong attachment with the church, I have maintained high moral values. I have also come to appreciate that material wealth or ones socioeconomic status is not as important as self respect and respect for others. Being an American I have strong affiliation to American culture which revolves around respect for our country and, although not in line with the former, occasionally dropping at a fast food restaurant for a burger. As a result of the realisation that happiness does not emanate from material wealth I now cherish more the impact of my actions on others than on myself. In this regard money earned takes a backseat and at the end of the day the issue is always how positive and beneficial my actions were. Turning the world into a better place to live in for all humanity is my lifelong goal. I believe that to make the world a better place everyone must first of all make responsible choices in their lives and take full consequences for their actions. Although some issues like abortion are controversial it is good to have a definite stance on them from a morality standpoint. The world is a harsh place to live in and no one gets away with wrongs committed

Corporate Social Responsibility in Financial Services Dissertation

Corporate Social Responsibility in Financial Services - Dissertation Example The primary aim of the financial services companies is to provide better service to the depositors and their investors by taking appropriate steps to increase the wealth of the shareholders. In order to provide short-term gains to the shareholders by giving more priority to the short-term interests, the increase in foul play has increased in the operations of the financial services firm thereby compromising on the security of the money deposited or invested. The investors apart from seeking higher returns through efficient pieces of advice of the fund managers are also interested for safekeeping of their shareholder value. This means that the seekers of financial services would not be ready to incur a loss at the cost of expected higher returns. The investors and stakeholders have become more and more aware of the social, ethical and environmental aspects of their investments for which the corporate social responsibility in financial services has attained more and more significance d ay by day. The daily operations of financial services firm are supported with the help of resources available from the societies in which they operate. The manpower and client base available from the societies are the major resources that are used by the financial services firms to run and sustain their businesses. ... ary aim of the financial services companies is to provide better service to the depositors and their investors by taking appropriate steps to increase the wealth of the shareholders. In order to provide short term gains to the shareholders by giving more priority to the short term interests, the increase in foul play has increased in the operations of the financial services firm thereby compromising on the security of the money deposited or invested. The investors apart from seeking higher returns through efficient advices of the fund managers are also interested for safekeeping of their shareholder value (Elangovan and Mohan, 2008, p.34). This means that the seekers of financial services would not be ready to incur a loss at the cost of expected higher returns. The investors and stakeholders have become more and more aware of the social, ethical and environmental aspects of their investments for which the corporate social responsibility in financial services has attained more and mo re significance day by day. The daily operations of financial services firma are supported with the help of resources available from the societies in which they operate. The manpower and client base available from the societies are the major resources that are used by the financial services firms to run and sustain their businesses. It is thus important for the financial services companies to return the benefits to the societies in which they operate. For this reason, the financial services organizations develop their strategies on corporate social responsibility mainly looking into four major areas like manpower sustenance, business integrity, community and the environment. The adoption of corporate social responsibility provides confidence to the investors on the long term sustenance of

General Ability Test Essay Example for Free

General Ability Test Essay Once your boat does sail off and your business does come into being chances are that you will need people to help you run it. Now, recruitment might look easy but don’t be fooled by its innocent exterior it can turn out to be the devil’s own at times. If you are in a hurry to pursue success you are likely to take under your wings almost anyone who is willing to give you a hand in doing just that. But while large scale recruitment is a good thing filtering out the excess over time and keeping back the cream is the only way to run a good business. Now, lets suppose that you have taken into your firm almost everyone who applied for the jobs you offered without even bothering about their score in the entry-level assessment. Its quite alright to have extra recruits such as these for a while but remember, sooner or later you will have to select the best out of this bunch and let the others go. While selecting the best out of the lot might sound simple but the job itself is far from being easy. (Lamb, 2004) Often good scores at a test reveal little or nothing about the potential of your future employees so don’t let your judgment get clouded by their entry test results alone. Instead, keep a tab on their regular office work. Usually the brightest amongst a group of recruits shine out during discussions and meetings and general performance. Find out who the right candidates from your large number of recruits simply by profiling the sort of candidate you are ideally looking for your particular purpose. A certain candidate might be as smart as a pin but he/she might not fit into your company or the specific post you are looking to fill. Remember to stay focused on your precise needs in order to find yourself the right employees. Post –recruitment evaluation is often easier than pre-recruitment selection since it allows you a first hand experience of exactly what your potential worker is capable of. References: Lamb, D; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; Wellington: National Book Trust

lesson plan for saxophone first lesson :: essays research papers

Saxophone First Lesson Plan:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduce yourself to the student, and learn their name. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, show the student how to put the saxophone together: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attach neck to the saxophone body 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, attach mouthpiece to neck 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, attach the neck strap to saxophone 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tell them that it is a good idea to put the reed in their mouth while they put their instruments together, so it will be moist and ready for play by the time the clarinet is assembled. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, you show them the correct posture: 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Get them to sit straight up in their chair 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Get their backs off of the back of the chair. (You can tell them to sit up as straight as they can in the chair. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tell them to put their feet flat on the floor. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, get them to relax their shoulders. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, you should show them how to breathe properly: „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do breathing exercises with the student. (Have the student take deep breaths, with the whole torso.) 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Belt Test: If the student ¡Ã‚ ¦s belt of waistline moves when they take a breath, then they are breathing properly. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Straw Exercise: Give the student a straw. Tape a piece of paper to the bottom of a music stand. The student should blow through the straw onto the piece of paper, thus moving the paper. This exercise allows the student to develop breathing skills. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Yawn Exercise: Have the student yawn, so they can see what it truly feels like to have a torso full of air. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, you should do some mouthpiece exercises. Get the student to produce a nice steady sound without squeaking. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Work on dynamics with the mouthpiece, get the student to produce a clean loud sound, followed with a clean soft sound. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, you should explain proper instrument care to the student. 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An instrument is not safe unless it is in the hands or in the case. 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make sure that you put your reeds back in the reed holder when you are finished using them, so you are sure to avoid breakage.

Assessment for Learning †the Case for Formative Assessment

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING – THE CASE FOR FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT This paper provides findings on assessment for learning, It begins with analysis of the formative approach in exemplary practice carried out in secondary schools in eight education systems. The second half of the paper comprises key analyses on formative assessment in adult language, literacy, and numeracy provision, and a framework for strengthening policy and practice across the sector as well as for building the evidence base. Assessment is vital to the education process.In schools, the most visible assessments are summative. Summative assessments are used to measure what students have learnt at the end of a unit, to promote students, to ensure they have met required standards on the way to earning certification for school completion or to enter certain occupations, or as a method for selecting students for entry into further education. Ministries or departments of education may use summative assessments and evalua tions as a way to hold publicly funded schools accountable for providing quality education.Increasingly, international summative assessments – such as OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) – have been important for comparing national education systems to developments in other countries. But assessment may also serve a formative function. In classrooms, formative assessment refers to frequent, interactive assessments of student progress and understanding to identify learning needs and adjust teaching appropriately.Teachers using formative assessment approaches and techniques are better prepared to meet diverse students’ needs – through differentiation and adaptation of teaching to raise levels of student achievement and to achieve a greater equity of student outcomes. But there are major barriers to wider practice, including perceived tensions between classroom-based formative assessments, and high visibility summative tests t o hold schools accountable for student achievement, and a lack of connection between systemic, school and classroom approaches to assessment and evaluation.The principles of formative assessment may be applied at the school and policy levels, to identify areas for improvement and to promote effective and constructive cultures of evaluation throughout education systems. More consistent use of formative assessment throughout education systems may help stakeholders address the very barriers to its wider practice in classrooms.This overview shows how formative assessment promotes the goals of lifelong learning, including higher levels of student achievement, greater equity of student outcomes, and improved learning to learn skills. The chapter then discusses barriers to wider practice of formative assessment and ways in which those barriers can be addressed, and outlines the study scope and methodology. Meeting goals for lifelong learning Each of the national and regional governments pa rticipating in this study promotes formative

Leader Of Choice: Tony Robbins Essay

Tony Robbins practices what he preaches. He knows fully well that as a well-known personality, he must recognize the diverse workforce with which he is working with. He has developed strategies for accelerated transformations of individuals from different cultures. These transformations are not only done during the training itself, but are carried on over the long haul of individual lives. For instance, he has joined forces with other therapists in building this strategy of continuing to address the needs of the diverse groups of people across cultures. Joining with Cloe Madanes, a well-known therapist, the Robbins-Madanes Center for Strategic Intervention creates training materials and programs aimed at diverse communities. Carrying the philosophy further, Robbins has focused attention not only on adults and businessmen, but also on children in their Council for Human Rights of Children at the University of San Francisco. This is a prestigious company that champions the rights of children all over the world. And if that is not enough, the company also recognizes, in essence, that many written defenses of the diverse cultures must highlight their programs because certain groups of people are denied access to aids and tools that would make them deserving of better positions because of their economic opportunities in life.  Therefore, Tony Robbins’ trainings are geared so that education can be given to these groups of people and integrated into the productive workforce. He has founded a nonprofit Anthony Robbins Foundation that provides assistance to the homeless, elderly and inner city youth as it feeds millions of people in nine countries every year through its international holiday â€Å"Basket Brigade.† He has given his seminars to a diverse group of people himself all over the world. Impacting the lives of nearly 50 million people, he and his company continues to reach out to all kinds of individuals. Equality in the full extent would be difficult to achieve especially considering the highly diverse cultural groups that comprise American society and the world at large.  Towards this end, Tony Robbins and his company serves as viable and sustainable channels in which the interests of people are upheld based on what is good for society in general utilizing the strategies he has developed.

The Major Events and Breakthroughs of the Nineteen Seventies

The Major Events and Breakthroughs of the Nineteen Seventies Free Online Research Papers The nineteen seventies was a decade that experienced economic crisis, political struggle, feminism, and a rise of subcultures such as the hippies. These events reflected the rising power of baby boomers, which are babies who were born during the post WWII years, who have become adults and made up the majority of the population. Because of this, the decade became a reflection of baby boomers’ power that set the latest trends and influenced every aspect of the society. During the nineteen seventies, there were many events that took place. One major event that took place in 1973 was the oil crisis. It was caused by Arab members of OPEC (organization of the petroleum exporting countries) who announced that they would no longer ship petroleum to the United States and its allies in West Europe and that the price of oil would increase drastically. Because the U.S was now dependent on oil and the prices quadrupled the need for rations, our country went into a recession and suffered massive inflation. (People History par.1) This was a very stressful time for our country because the cost of living had highly increased in such a short amount of time. It was also a reason for prices increasing as much as they have in the present day. Not only did the oil crisis occur, but 1973 was also the year the United States withdrew from the Vietnam War. This was an important time for our country because it had been almost ten years that we had troops in Vietnam and ev eryone was eager to finally have peace again. Another significant factor of the nineteen seventies was the growth of feminism. Women gained the right to choose when, where, and if they wanted to have children. They gained this right through the famous case of Roe versus Wade, which centered around legalizing abortion (Drucker 77). Women also expanded their involvement in politics and even surpassed men in college enrollment in 1979 (American par.1). Because of this, not only did women become more independent, but this change in society led to higher divorce rates, causing some to go into poverty. So, it is easy to see that feminism in the nineteen seventies had both positive and negative effects on people’s lives. Included in the category of events are also scandals. Many people might remember, or know about, the Watergate scandal involving President Nixon. He and some of his supporters were part of a campaign that tried to tarnish the reputation of the Democratic Party, which included breaking in to the Watergate Hotel and tampering with official files. Of course, he tried to cover it up when it was discovered, but tapes were found of some of his â€Å"private† conversations with people involved and were ordered to be released. In mid-1974, he ended up resigning before he was impeached. (Watergate par.9-14) This is a good example of corruption in politics and how people will sometimes do anything to keep their power. I think that this event had a lasting effect on all the presidents after him and raised the standards for loyalty and honesty to the people. Finally, in the nineteen seventies was the beginning of a digital revolution. Companies now found ways to use technology which caused a drastic growth in smaller, powerful, and cheaper products such as calculators and televisions (People History par.2). Because of integrated circuits invented in the nineteen sixties and the invention of the home computer, companies were able to also invent products such as the first video game system, the Atari. Air travel also began booming due to the use of jumbo jets. (People History par.3) This became very useful because it helped to transport people overseas much faster and in larger quantities. Other inventions in the seventies include the following: floppy disks, barcodes, E-mail, genetic engineering, ink jet and laser printers, microprocessors, and MRI scanners. These inventions have been very useful to us in the twenty first century. Some are not used as much anymore, such as the floppy disk and the Atari, but they have served as the founda tion of newer, modern technology. Through many examples shown, I believe that I have proved that the nineteen seventies was a decade that was full of many significant and long lasting major events. It was also a time when many scientific, medical, and technological breakthroughs occurred. From oil crisis to wars to scandals to feminism, the seventies have proved to be an important part of history for our country, and with the baby boomers leading us through this time, the United States has prospered and grown ever since then. American Cultural History 1970-1979. 1999. Kingwood College Library. 25 February 2009. http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade70.html. Drucker, Dan. â€Å"Abortion Rights for Women: Roe v. Wade.† The 1970s. ed. Mark Ray Schmidt. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2000. Milan Bobek ed.Decades of the 20th Century:1970s. 9 vols. Prescott: Eldorado Inc. 2005. The People History: 1970s. 2008. The People History. 25 February 2009. thepeoplehistory.com/1970s.html. The Watergate Files. 1998. Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum. 24 February 2009. fordlibrarymuseum.gov/museum/exhibits/watergate_files/index.html. 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Ten top writing tips for scientists - Emphasis

Ten top writing tips for scientists Ten top writing tips for scientists Ask most scientists, engineers and technologists why they got into the profession and theyre unlikely to say it was because they love writing. But love it or hate it, writing is an essential part of a scientific career. Report writing skills are crucial to communicating your research, ideas and recommendations. Losing the gems of months of research in confusing, convoluted prose helps neither you nor your readers. The way you write can be more important than what you write. An instantly readable report will usually have more impact than one that is difficult to decipher. Science doesnt exist in a vacuum. So if you cannot communicate effectively to colleagues and the general public, your work is likely to be perceived as less important. In fact, if you cant communicate what you do, you could argue that you might as well not do it in the first place. Here are some top tips and techniques that can transform your written work: 1. Ask the right questions Powerful writing starts from an ordered, clear structure. Begin ordering your ideas by asking yourself the questions: what? where? when? how? why? and who? When you know what you want to communicate, and why, you can then lay out your core idea first, and expand on it in the rest of the document. Always make sure you ask yourself the exact purpose of what you are writing. When you have a clear intent, you have a much better chance of crafting an effective document. 2. Use jargon with care Abbreviations are a great shortcut when you and your reader speak a common language. But dont forget that there may be acronyms and abbreviations that people outside your organisation or area of expertise just wouldnt know. This doesnt mean that you have to avoid jargon at all costs. Just be aware of your readers knowledge and choose the words and phrases that you are certain they will understand. Most people overestimate how much their readers know and bombard them with too many technical words and phrases. 3. Focus on your reader Do your readers really know everything about thermodynamics or mass transfer? Or are they more concerned with how the science affects their environment, a product or the companys bottom line? Ask yourself the following questions so that you can tailor your information to your reader. Who will read the document? How much experience do they have of the subject? How much do they know about it? What is their likely attitude towards it? How involved in the subject are they? How interested are they in the subject? 4. Dont show off In academia, the more knowledge, information and argument you display, the higher the marks. In the outside world, only the most significant information is necessary. Summarising a wealth of related issues may at first appear to cement your expert status, but it doesnt help your reader. Managers often have several reports to read each day, so focus on becoming a solution provider. 5. Create a compelling opening paragraph Research has shown that when it comes to focus, people remember the beginning and end of something, plus a high point in the middle. This is as true for reports as it is for holidays or feature films. So make sure that your conclusions and recommendations are in the summary. If you bury your recommendations in the middle, theres no guarantee that your readers will get that far. 6. Be confident Say what you really mean and your readers will thank you for it. It can be a little disconcerting to write clearly and in plain English, especially if you come from an organisation that doesnt encourage having a definitive viewpoint. But it will help you to become recognised as a thought leader and means that your work reaches a much wider audience. 7. Learn how to KISS Keep it short and simple. Avoid long, flowery phrases and make sure your sentences contain a maximum of 15 to 20 words. Presenting information in short, manageable chunks also helps you to keep the reader with you, so stick to the principle of one idea per sentence. To paraphrase Einstein: make things as simple as they are but no simpler. 8. Get active Where possible, use the active voice rather than the passive one. Instead of writing, the reactions of various metals were tested, write we tested the reactions of various metals. Adding in the word we makes the document more personal. Dont be afraid to use the word you when writing reports for non-scientists. The idea is to engage the reader and active, personal language does just that. 9. Check for errors Always proofread carefully by printing out your document and combing through it word for word. You cannot rely on your spellchecker to know the difference between palate and pallet, especially if you have it on the automated setting. Print it out first. And if possible, put your work aside for a day and come back to it with fresh eyes. Its likely that any errors will jump out at you more easily. Also check for punctuation and make sure that your structure is as effective as it can be. 10. Use a style guide Grab a free copy of our new The Write Stuff (third edition) to help you with the writing process. This 60-page style guide contains the very essence of good writing. Request a copy here. How Emphasis helped scientists to write more clearly One of Europes leading pharmaceutical companies asked Emphasis to improve its scientists report writing skills. The problem? Many of their written reports were failing to communicate the results of their research and development work in a clear and concise way. The training programme changed how the scientists approach, plan and structure their reports. Before the training programme, most people saw writing as an irritating distraction from their research and their reports had to be heavily edited. Now, there are fewer amendments, the medical director explains. This has reinforced the lessons learned during the training, creating a positive cycle that has, in turn, promoted better writing throughout the company.

Evolution Of Knowlendge Management Within A Law Enforcement Agency Assignment

Evolution Of Knowlendge Management Within A Law Enforcement Agency - Assignment Example The police have been able to use the inter agency communication which has enabled the traffic police to share information with the registration and FBI departments to keep law and order upon the roads. The traffic police will share the information with the vehicle registration department to affirm that the vehicles are registered and that they are in good conditions. If the vehicle has some registration issues the FBI will have to investigate the issue. This ensures that the law and order is obeyed by the motorists. The inter agency communication is greatly enhanced in the patrols and it helps to bring order. The federal rules of criminal procedure forbid the disclosure of matters occurring before a grand jury. This is because of the privacy act of the suspect and the investigation. The violation of the rule may be punished as disrespect of court. â€Å"This is because any violation of the rule can endanger an investigation to the extent that civil litigation may become impossible. The privacy act also provides that any agency which maintains a system of records containing information of a personal nature which is retrieved by name, social security number, or some other identifying number, symbol, or identifying particular, must ensure that administration of the file complies with requirements in the privacy act.† (Anonymous, 2012) The information will only be used by the government agencies and it should not be shared to other individuals. â€Å"Normally, the investigatory files are exempted from these requirements by reason of the provision of the act which exempts investigatory material compiled for law enforcement purposes. In addition, departmental regulations can deny disclosure to anyone, including the individual subject of the record, of information compiled in reasonable anticipation of a civil action or proceeding. At times, another government agency may request documents from EBSA. If there

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE OF THE WRITINGS OF JOHN PIPER AND N.T Thesis Proposal

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE OF THE WRITINGS OF JOHN PIPER AND N.T. WRIGHT ON THE DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH - Thesis Proposal Example The study of the doctrine of justification5 is considered the cornerstone of Christianity6 by many Christian scholars. It is, according to Luther, the article by which the church stands or falls,7 The challenge between Piper and Wright concerns the implication of their views on imputed or incorporated righteousness on justification8 to Christian faith, especially concerning Soteriology.9 On the one hand, Piper’s perspective is that imputed righteousness on justification does not consist merely of belief in Christ alone for salvation, but also submission of every area of one’s life to Christ’s Lordship.10 Thus, Piper unwittingly affirms both â€Å"faith alone† and â€Å"faith not alone† referring to justification, which according to Lybrand constitutes the intrinsic incongruence of these assertions in his (i.e., Piper’s) practical interpretations and teachings.11 This inconsistency could be explained in the way Piper distinguishes justification from sanctification,12 wherein he proposes that to man is given the right to stand with God on account of faith alone.13 Again, Piper maintains, this is something given. Nevertheless, Piper insists that man must live a life that he considers a deadly battle against sin.14 The manner by which he fights such a battle––according God’s will––constitutes s anctification.15 Also important on Piper’s position is the argument that sin has been fought, and won over with the death of Jesus.16 One might contend that if sin has been won over based on Christ’s sacrifice, Piper would not be able to justify his â€Å"faith not alone† portion of his argument. However, he maintains that the right to stand with God is only achieved by eliminating the sin––the one that was already won over on the cross––by way of dying â€Å"in Christ.†17 This is central to his righteousness imputation theory,18 and distinguishes his position from that of Wright’s who proposes, â€Å"incorporated righteousness† as a more

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Essay Example The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed the would - be voters in the United States take literacy tests to qualify to register to vote, and it provided for to vote, and it provided for federal registration of voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible minority voters registered. The Act also provided for Department of Justice oversight to registration, and the Department's approval for any change in voting law in districts that had used as a "device" to limit voting and in which less than 50% of the population was registered to vote in 1964. It was signed in 1965, and signed for a 25 year extension by George W. Bush on July, 2006. National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP) was founded in New York in 1909 for the purpose to improve the living condition of Black Americans at that time. Although their conditions improved enormously, many differences existed in the rights of United States citizens because of ethnic origin; The NAACP continued to seek a single class of citizenship for every American. W.E.B. Du Bois an American writer in 1895 argued that "blacks should accept their social status and work to improve their lives through economic means". The association also secured the elimination of the so- called "grandfather clause", a clause in the voting laws of certain Southern States that permitted only those people to vote whose grandfathers had voted. Because the grandfathers of blacks had been slaves so could not vote, this clause effectively denied enfranchisement to blacks. With the help of organized labour and by various minority groups, civic, and fraternal organizations, the NAACP went on to lead the efforts that resulted in the enactment of the Civil Rights of 1957 and 1964, the voting Rights Act of 1965, and Fair Housing Act of 1968. W.E. Bois says in his magazine, "to stand for the rights of men, irrespective of colour or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals."* *The Crisis, a magazine founded in 1910 by the American writer and sociologist W.E. Du Bois In 1948 Gerald R. Ford was elected to the US House of Representatives. During his tenure he favored increasing the defense budget, and he usually voted for civil rights legislation. In 1965 he was elected minority leader of the House of Representatives. Among the practices that have been the objects of electoral reforms are actual or threatened physical violence; concealed pressures such as those exercised by some

Developing Corporate Entrepreneurship

Developing Corporate Entrepreneurship Introduction Todays economy is experiencing its ups and downs very quickly: rising competitiveness and fast changing technologies create pressure to the companies that want to stay at the top of their markets. This is not going to slow down, so the need for tools of success is arising. At the same time we are moving away from the Morris and Kuratko (2002) belief that entrepreneurs are born, not made. That is why the wanting, believing, hoping, planning must be followed by doing. As already Confucius said: When it is obvious that the goals cannot be reached, dont adjust the goals, adjust the action steps. It is time for action and one form of it that suits different businesses nowadays is Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE). As it was stated by Sharma and Chrisman (1999), corporate entrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or group of individuals, in association with an existing organization, create a new organization or instigate renewal or innovation within that organization. There are lots of definitions for CE nowadays, but all of them do not change the fact that CE is a tool for differentiation and competitive advantage in todays economy. In order to make a go of this phenomenon, organizations have to develop their strategies how to implement the entrepreneurial spirit in the everyday practices. In this way corporate entrepreneurship spontaneous or induced by the company itself will be not rare and unexpected, but in contrary, become a tool of overcoming inside issues, as well as external pressures. Corporate Entrepreneurship and Human Resource Management A lot of researches, studies were conducted in order to discover the inevitable truth that CE positively affects the performance of a company: it creates competitive advantages, helps to differentiate, adapt to new or quickly changing markets, and deal with external and internal challenges. As CE is seen as a multifaceted tool, the intensity of CE in an organization can be described by five different dimensions identified in a meta-analysis by Saly (2001): innovativeness, risk propensity, proactiveness, corporate venturing and self-renewal. When creating an organizational structure, as well as inside culture, these dimensions should be a scale measuring the future success of a company. Dealing with the globalization and fast moving changes, a company must take risks, be proactive and strive for innovation. Nurturing these traits, adapting to the environment (self-renewal) and fostering creation of something valuable that generates returns are CE key success factors in the economy of today. Of course no CE can be fostered without Human Capital (HC). In order to become an innovative, entrepreneurial organization needs the knowledge, skills, experience the HC can provide. This is why HC should be one of the most important and valuable assets for every organization. Investing in HC should be a first step towards building and encouraging the entrepreneurial direction of the overall company. As from the employee-organization relations (EOR) literature (Rhoades and Eisenberger, 2002), the strongest influencers of employee affect are the organizations leaders. Their Human Recourse Management (HRM) practices can valuably contribute to effective enhancement of CE. Different HRM techniques can create a suitable inside culture for an organization to become innovative, flexible and more entrepreneurial. Each HRM practice can be addressed to different employee characteristics and in this way design the employee-organization relationships towards a collective entrepreneurial collaboration. Therefore EOR strengthened with HRM practice can become an efficient tool for creating a collective entrepreneurial atmosphere inside any organization. As organizations nowadays become living entities, diving into the trend of organizational learning, there is less fear that it will develop a strategy and become stagnant. That is why the HRM practices also evolve during the life of a company. Introducing new projects, renewal of the staff with different KSAOs (knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics) needed at the time, allocating resources needed for development and inside learning all this organizational support is now more a necessity than luxury. So, understanding that without a learning attitude and readiness to change according the situation, any HRM practices will not be able to influence the companys corporate entrepreneurship level, is vital. Following the idea of George Bernard Shaw: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything. HRM practices fostering CE inside the company HRM practices should be an important driver of CE because it involves organizational learning driven by collaboration, creativity, and individual commitment (Kaya, 2006). To foster CE in a company the first task is the set up of internal culture and environment (studies show there have to be available resources, management support and a reliable organizational structure right at the beginning in order for a company could start entrepreneurial activities). Following different studies conducted on the topic of CE and HRM practices, how to establish a suitable internal environment for intrapreneurship seems to be based on these organizational arrangements/managerial tools: Staff selection the objective of staff selection is to form an appropriate resource base of HC to foster entrepreneurial activity. As the HC of any company is one of the most important facilitators of CE, selective hiring can be a tool for influencing the CE level. The selection criteria should fit the organizations culture, be in line with the CE dimensions and reflect the needs of the company. During the process of selecting staff it is beneficial to think about the skills needed in the industry the company operates, how the employees could work together and create a brain trust. Emphasizing the team spirit is very important, because the prominence of collective entrepreneurship is growing. New members should have new ideas and complement the staff by being different and experts of their own sphere. New management staff should have relevant KSAOs, be creative, strive for action and be supportive. Finally, a possibility to grow in ones own career should also be seen during this process, because it will serve as a motivation tool and foster better environment in the company. Management support the positive attitude as well as encouragement of the higher hierarchy levels of the company for generating and developing new business ideas. Management support is important because it indicates the willingness of the managers to facilitate, promote and institutionalize the entrepreneurial spirit and activity within the organizations system and processes (Hornsby et al., 2002) which would encourage the intrapreneurs to engage in innovative projects. If the organization provides support and some autonomy it can then count on the commitment coming from employees. Still coordinating the use of resources, contributing to the fulfillment of the separate individual suggestions or efforts will end up with an increase of overall efficiency. Management support for problem solving and conflict resolution in the intrapreneurship process is required in the idea generation, development, and particularly implementation (execution) stages of the ideas (Damanpour, 1991). This will positively influence a corporations entrepreneurial behavior and enhance potential intrapreneurs perceived trustworthiness to their corporations in terms of detecting opportunities and willingness to develop novel or useful ideas, and/ or projects, and to take risks to actualize them (Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990). Internal supportive environment, tolerance for risk taking to their intrapreneurs, and a high quality HC will contribute to the innovative performance. Companys 3M approach could be taken as an illustration of the management support importance. This firm understood and experienced that capable and motivated employees can turn the company into a profitable, innovative and successful organization. That is why the management was trying to create an environment that supports individual entrepreneurship: a climate that stimulates ordinary people to produce extraordinary performances. Allocation of free time provision of sufficient time to work on developing novelties without any burden of routine workload. Delivery of free time inevitably encourages employees to take risks for putting their novel ideas into practice. When given time for convincing the management level about your project success, employees are not so distracted from their main duties and usually show more commitment towards the company. But this creates a necessity for additional control that the allocated free time would be used for purposes that benefit both sides. Here it comes out that before any significant changes there is a need of HRM practices that boost mutual understanding, better ties between employees and the organization, and make sure their values and visions are on the same path. Organizational structure should be convenient concerning decentralization level or decision-making autonomy. Employees should have the opportunity to express and suggest their ideas easily. The suitable decentralization level differs among every company, but it is a tool to become more flexible, innovative, and active suit the dimensions of CE. If organization provides autonomy for employees who actually carry out the work, this will stimulate their commitment to act in the best way for the company. Having a balanced relationship between autonomy and discipline creates an environment where employees can act, take weighted risks and innovate towards successful outcomes of the company. Companies that are becoming rigid really slow down all the innovative processes as well as cannot implement all of the possible improvements. When thinking about new ventures, projects in order to boost the competitive advantage and profitability of the company it is important they fit the organization in terms of context and organizational structure. There is a possibility to foster integrated or separate CE. For better understanding of the importance of these practices some companies can be taken as an example. Analyzing the case of the company Polaroid, one can see that the impact of bureaucracy, biases and downsizing was a big obstacle for nurturing inside entrepreneurship. The company was big-sized and stagnant, becoming a market follower. The entrepreneur in this company (Joline Godfrey) experienced difficulties to introduce her project because of the hard-to-reach attention of the managers, not flexible organization culture. The inside culture was also not women-friendly and did not show enough interest in projects that were not fully in the area the company operated. In such cases, when an organization becomes rigid, does not answer market needs mostly because of the compilation, slow processes CE must be fostered and implemented. One of the first steps should be an entrepreneurial-oriented structure that allocates the power of decision making not to the higher level employers, but takes into account the employees who know the most about the projects being undertaken. In the case of Lucent (a telecommunication equipment manufacturer), their New Venture Group formed a separate organizational entity. This entity was operating as a base of research for new opportunities, products, and businesses. Being separate has its advantages, because in this way the formed CE device does not suffer from the bureaucratic rules of the parent company, still can use the support needed, creates its own inside environment and culture that can foster CE more easily. That is why, when forming new entrepreneurial project each company has to evaluate its fit in the organization. Usually small projects are of better use inside the company: they can be accessible for all employees, motivate them to work on their projects too, but at the same time not to be too distracted from the mainstream of the company. An example of such an approach would be the case of the company Ohio Bell. The program ENTER-PRIZE (Excellence Through Employee Innovation) was designed in order to support, reward the employees who had ideas how to cut operating costs or generate revenues. This program was an implemented cultural change of the Ohio Bell company. Being nurtured inside the company and connected with all employees, this project had the best place inside the company, fitting the mainstream operations and concept. Fostering innovative ideas, this program was also a good example of the power of rewards towards CE growth. Incentives and rewards availability of a performance based reward system encouraging innovativeness is a way to foster entrepreneurship among employees. If the management tries to convince the employees to act like intrapreneurs, it must also be willing to pay them as entrepreneurs (Thornberry, 2003). Having trust in the rewarding system boosts the employee commitment, willingness to take risks and reveal the projects that could benefit both sides. A reward system that is based on achievements in innovation projects, may lead the brightest and most ambitious players to avoid innovation projects with uncertain outcomes. Building a reward system shows a positive attitude towards the employees and can significantly increase their motivation to benefit the organization. It is important to see the reward practices as a long-term thing, make resources available and not punish the employees straight after the first failure of an entrepreneurial project. Failure or errors tolerance in case of creative undertakings or risky project implementations. Such showed tolerance together with managerial support is a strong tool creating positive environment for CE. A conservative managerial attitude will block the willingness to innovate and cause lack of confidence of the employees. In order to overcome the possible frustration, organization should support the HC even during failures and continue investing in the projects that have high potential. Taking failures as an inevitable step towards success will help to maintain the level of confidence for further innovations and profitable ideas. Of course, in order not to lose control and take healthy risks, companys should build an organizational mechanism to decide which innovation projects are likely to bear fruits and which should be cast aside without having trial-errors. For example, a well known company 3M implemented a more disciplined approach to defining, selecting and funding projects. Instead of running 100 of them as earlier, the process shifted to 12 projects from which 10 are expected to be successful. In this way companies are more oriented, quickly reacting and can create true competitive advantages through expedient CE. Training and development appropriate abilities can be acquired through training and development strongest results towards boosting CE. Training can overcome the factors that decrease employees job performance and satisfaction. Staff development seen as activities that increase employees qualifications and performance at all hierarchical levels through education, career management, and work structure. All these practices can promote entrepreneurial behavior and improve the environment in the company. Training programs should be oriented towards building useful CE skills, fostering the dimensions of it inside the company: change acceptance, willingness to take risks, assume responsibility, and the value of teamwork and shared achievements. Training activities that enforce interpersonal skills should be fostered. Also training that supports creativity will strengthen innovativeness and potentially strengthen self-renewal and new business development. Finally, training on how to transf er new ideas into business will lead to higher intensity for risk propensity and proactiveness. For effective training, programs should fit the companys strategy and work process. To unfold their full effect on CE, expert knowledge, social competence, creativity, and methodical expertise are especially important to be considered. Specialist assignment specialists can anticipate and estimate specific problems earlier and thus identify needs for modifications more quickly. As CE is more often seen as a collective process, instead of putting the emphasis on one individual, firms must encourage cooperation among specialists to increase successful innovation processes. This is stressed because as environment impacts on organizational behaviors it is also seen in change of relationships between employees and employer or managers inside the organization. In order to become competitive and innovative, firms have to adopt new strategies, as well as different employee-organization relationship (EOR) patterns. The importance of this is significantly growing, because corporate entrepreneurship involves not only product innovation, risk taking or proactive responses to environmental forces, but also organizational learning, driven by collaboration and commitment. Here the collaboration of specialists could be seen as a link between employees, managers and their potential to foster corporate entrepreneurship together. As it can be observed in the Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG (SNI), a company that confronted financial and inside environment problems with a program called Change Agent Program, managerial support, concentrated staff selection and employee training and development are the tools that foster corporate entrepreneurship spirit and help to overcome the downturn a company can experience. The Change Agent program looked to replace Siemens Nixdorfs rigid corporate hierarchy with a more flexible and entrepreneurial attitude that would be more responsive to market demands. The company operated in a very competitive European market, was undermanaged and over consulted. As the employees at SNI experienced restructuring at the company during the early 1990s and four years of losses, the inside culture was far away from a company one could call innovative and lead thinking (as the ones operating in IT industry in US). The program though was focused on employees, emphasizing the importance of the people at the company and expanding the opportunities open to them. The goal of the 13 week program was to build an understanding of business fundamentals and business change along three dimensions: customer, competitiveness and culture. It combined presentations, discussions, workshops, case studies, best practice site visits, internships, and coach research. An important goal was to provide participants with new perspectives about their projects and give them the know-how to implement them upon return to the company. The programs aimed to have the sponsors (each member had two of them) provide leadership, guidance and support in order to help them achieve their project goals. This is also an example that specialists assistance is a tool fostering corporate entrepreneurship and improving the employees input. It was also aiming to help find innovative ways to approach and implement their projects. Each participant of the program had a project drawn from the area that concludes the most important challenges the company faces which were fostered by the program and implemented upon the employees return to SNI. Although the 21 Change Agents had varying degrees of success, it was clear that they played a role in driving SNI to profitability in the 1994 1995 fiscal year (for the first time in the companys history). That was reflected in the decision by the SNI Executive Board to perpetuate the Program on an annual basis. Such training and development programs foster collective and individual entrepreneurship inside the company. This example shows how important it is that such tools would fit the aim and strategy of the whole company. By addressing the right problems, training the right people (at SNI they were thoroughly selected) this training program helped the company to enhance the communication within the company, improve its international operations, flexibility and determine new possible directions. The employees felt the more entrepreneurial spirit of the companys culture and were able to channel their enthusiasm for changes and revitalization, feel more responsibility, and support what opened the ways for their projects. Conclusions Having the goal of being visible, active in todays global economy requires established companies to become more and more entrepreneurial in order to handle uncertainty and environmental dynamism. As the importance of CE is growing, more scholars are interested to define the specific tools that help to create and benefit from the CE inside the company. Different studies provide positive relationships between HRM practices and CE. As knowing the importance of qualified HC, so the management practices become a source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations. CE-related HR practices are unique to the extent that competitors cannot imitate them. Nevertheless the support from HR practices must be in line with that particular organizational culture and consistent with what is needed from employees. Considering the combined effects of all the OS factors, managerial support and tolerance for risk taking have still exerted significant effects on innovativeness. That is why firms should invest to build such an organizational environment where first, support and tolerance exist to a large extent. On the other side, organizations should spend more time on recruiting and training managers to be supportive and hold a philosophy that failure is a stepping-stone to success. As seen, HRM practices play a significant role in fostering and maintaining high levels of CE. Having a CE-friendly environment, companies should focus on the HRM practices of staff selection, staff development and training, and staff rewards that align employee motivation and entrepreneurial firm development. These practices show the highest correlation with innovative outcomes and positive CE results. Learning from the previously discussed real life examples it is obvious that CE is a complex phenomena to handle for different organizations. But the conclusion, that corporate entrepreneurship is a success factor in todays dense economy, stays the same. In order to foster the entrepreneurial culture inside the company it is important to maintain the focus on all possible sources and adapt the HRM practices to use them beneficially. LITERATURE: Employee-organization relationship in collective entrepreneurship: an overview. Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano,   David Urbano.   Journal of Organizational Change Management.  Bradford:2010.   Vol. 23,   Iss. 4,   p. 349-359 Boosting corporate entrepreneurship through HRM practices: Evidence from German SMEs. Ralf Schmelter,   RenÈ Mauer,   Christiane Bˆ rsch,   Malte Brettel.   Human Resource Management.  Hoboken:Jul/Aug 2010.   Vol. 49,   Iss. 4,   p. Organizational support for intrapreneurship and its interaction with HC to enhance innovative performance. Lutfihak Alpkan,   Cagri Bulut,   Gurhan Gunday,   Gunduz Ulusoy,   Kemal Kilic.   Management Decision.   London:2010.   Vol. 48,   Iss. 5,   p. 732-755 L.A. Hill, N.A. Kamprath and M.B. Conrad (1992), Joline Godfrey and the Polaroid Corporation (A), Harvard Business School Case, 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 492à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 037. Chesbrough, H.W. and Massaro, A. (2001) Lucent Technologies: The Future of the New entures Group, Harvard Business School Case, 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 601à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 102 : 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 19. Bartlett, C.A. and Mohammed, A. (1995) 3M: Profile of an innovating company, Harvard Business School Case, 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 395à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 016 : 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 20. Kanter, R.M., McGuire, J.F. and Mohammed, A. (1997) The Change Agent Program at Siemens Nixdorf, Harvard Business School Case, 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 396à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 203 : 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 17.

The War Of Religion And Science Due To Their Similarities And Diff :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"War† of Religion and Science Due to Their Similarities and Differences Samantha Pavlakos Ms. Smith Period 6 English Term Paper March 13, 2000 Outline Thesis: In the book Phantoms, Dean Koontz relates the â€Å"war† between religion and science through the defeat of a supernatural being. I. Religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Similarities to science from the theological view   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Differences to science from the theological view   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Why they are different from the theological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   view   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. How to overcome there differences from a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   theological view II. Science   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Similarities to religion from a scientific view   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Differences to religion from a scientific view   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Why they are different from a scientific view   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. How to overcome these differences from a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   scientific view III. Supernatural   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. World view of the supernatural   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. How the book uses the supernatural to show the â€Å"war† between religion and science.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years, there has been a so-called â€Å"war† between religion and science. religion is a powerful worldview as is science. Many people around the world believe in the existence of both religion and science. Unfortunately, the conflict between the two is partially due to the fact that they are so similar yet so different. Both religion and science expect a person to rely on information that is sometimes unexplainable. In the book , Phantoms, Dean Koontz relates this â€Å"war† between religion and science through the defeat of a supernatural being.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different religions that fill this world. Religion requires a person to believe that some events are unexplainable, and that a person should just believe because God, or some other figure wanted life to be this way (Hall 26). A person is expected to believe without a foundation of reason. This relates to science because theories are reasons that have not yet been proven. A scientist expects for a person to believe a theory because it is a reasonable explanation, even if it is not a proven explanation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists have been accused of saying that religion is only a belief, and that there is a scientific explanation for everything, but if this is true, how come all things in life cannot be explained (Hall 27)? Hall says, â€Å"Science cannot explain how a man can survive something when it is impossible to survive.† But can religion explain this? According to a theologian, a person who studies religion, there is an explanation. Hall says, â€Å"God has a plan for everyone. It is almost like a outline of life. If you are expected to do something before you died, the nothing will stop you.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also many things in religion that are unexplained. How can a man rise from the dead?

History and Development of the Charismatic/Pentecostal Movement Essay

Charismatic movement is a religious revival movement that developed during the late 1960’s among members of several Christian denominations, notably Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, and Methodists. Charismatic believe they can become infused with the Holy Spirit. When so infused, they believe, they may be granted such charisms (gifts) as the ability to speak in tongues, to make prophecies, and to heal by faith. Charismatics share many beliefs and practices with the Pentecostal churches but do not consider themselves to be Pentecostals (Duin, 2000). Moreover, Pentecostal churches base their faith and practice on certain religious experiences that are recorded in the New Testament. Pentecostal churches teach that every Christian should seek to be â€Å"filled with the Holy Spirit. † The proof of this occurrence comes when the person speaks in tongues. That is, the person will speak in a language he has never learned. The New Testament refers to the disciples speaking in tongues on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2), and mentions speaking in tongues elsewhere (Blumhofer, 2004). Pentecost is an important springtime Jewish and Christian feast. Its name comes from the Greek word fifty because Pentecost occurred on the fiftieth day after the first day of Passover. As a Jewish thanksgiving feast for the harvest, it was called Feast of Firstfruits (Exodus 23:16) and Shabuot or the Feast of Weeks (Leviticus 23: 15-21): â€Å"From the day after the Sabbath, the day you brought the sheaf of the wave offering, count off seven full weeks. Count off fifty days up the day after the seventh Sabbath and then present an offering of new grain to the Lord. From wherever you live, bring two loaves made of two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour, baked with yeast, as a wave offering of firstfruits to the lord. Present with this bread seven male lambs, each a year old and with out defect, one young bull and two rams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From the least the 200’s, Christians celebrated Pentecost on the seventh Sunday after Easter as one of their greatest feasts. It commemorated the descent of the Holy Spirit (called Holy Ghost in older English) upon the apostles on this day (Acts 2: 1-4): â€Å"When the day of the Pentecost came, they were all together in one place. Suddenly a sound like the blowing of a violent wind came from heaven and filled the whole house where they were sitting. They saw what seemed to be tongues of fire that separated and came to rest on each of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled tem. † He had been promised by Jesus as â€Å"another Comforter† (John 14:16) and came to strengthen the apostles after their nine days of prayer following the ascension of Jesus into heaven. Then they showed themselves more courageous and zealous than they had been before. Pentecost was later called Whitsunday or White Sunday, because the newly baptized wore their white baptismal robes on that day, marking the end of the joyous Easter season (Pentecostalism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2004). In masses of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, red vestments are worn on Pentecost to symbolize the tongues of fire representing the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:3). This paper studies the origin of Pentecostal/Charismatic movement and knows some denominations that practice the Pentecostal beliefs. II. Discussion Pentecostal churches that emphasize glossolalia (speaking in unknown tongues). The term â€Å"Pentecostal† refers to the day of Pentecost, soon after the death of Jesus, when the disciples spoke in unknown tongues. In present-day Pentecostal churches, during the highly emotional moments of the service, members make utterances that have not been identified with any known language (Wakefield, 1999). Pentecostals also believe that they can receive other supernatural gifts. For example, they believe they can be given the ability to prophesy, to heal, and to interpret what is said when someone speaks in an unknown tongue. The New Testament refers to these gifts in I Corinthians 12-14. Aside from these distinctive qualities, however, individual Pentecostal denominations do not usually resemble each other. There are more than three dozen Pentecostal groups in the United States of America alone. They differ radically in size as well as in their interpretations of matters of faith and practice. Some of the largest Pentecostal bodies are: Church of God in Christ, 3,700,000 members; Assemblies of God, 2,100,000; United Pentecostal Church International, 500,000; Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), 455,000; Church of God in Christ, International, 200,000; International Church of the Four-square Gospel, 180,000; Pentecostal Holiness Church, 110,000; and the Pentecostal Church of God, 90,000. Pentecostal churches trace their origins to revivals of tongue-speaking that occurred at Bethel Bible College in Topeka, Kans. , in 1901, and at the Azusa Street Mission in Los Angeles in 1906. Similar revivals also took place in Great Britain and in Europe, Asia, and Latin America during the early 1900’s. Since the 1930’s, the Pentecostal denominations have grown rapidly. With a worldwide membership estimated at seven million, the Pentecostals are sometimes called Christianity’s â€Å"Third Force,† alongside the Roman Catholicism and traditional Protestantism (Ferm, 2001). Many Pentecostal churches are Methodist in origin. John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism, believed on perfectionism. As Methodism later decreased its emphasis on perfectionism, many American Methodists broke away and formed their own churches. Stressing the perfectionist doctrine, these bodies are became known as Holiness churches. The Pentecostal churches are usually defined as those Holiness churches that consider speaking in tongues an important sign of having attained holiness. A. Assemblies of God Assemblies of God are Protestant Christian churches forming the largest of the Pentecostal denominations. The basic belief of this denomination is that conversion is a spiritual rebirth. Speaking in tongues is the first sign that that the Holy Spirit has been received by the reborn. Members believe in the infallibility of the Bible, the second coming of Christ to rule the world, eternal bliss for believers, and eternal punishment for the wicked. The denomination is composed of churches (assemblies) that are self-governing in local affairs. Each ordained minister and one lay delegate from each assembly is a member of the General Council, which is responsible for missions, publications, and other matters affecting the entire denomination (Assemblies of God. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2004). The church arose out of a rival movement about 1900. The General Council was organized in 1914. Membership is about 2,100,000 in the United States. The church has missions in a number of African and Latin American nations. International headquarters are in Springfield, Missouri. B. Practices and Beliefs †¢ Gift of Tongues Gift of tongues in Christianity is the ability to praise God in words that cannot be identified with any known language. It is also called glossolalia (Greek: tongue talking). Speaking in tongues occurs during moments of intense religious emotion. Many people believe that the speaker is possessed by the Holy Spirit. In Pentecostal churches, the gift of tongues is considered a sign of spiritual perfection. Early in the 1960’s, speaking in tongues spread through some congregations in other denominations, especially in the Episcopal, Roam Catholic, and Methodist churches (Glossolalia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2004). According to the Bible (Acts 2:1-13), 50 days after the Resurrection of Jesus, on the Jewish Pentecost, the Holy Spirit entered the disciples of Jesus and caused them to speak strange words. Many foreign Jews who were present understood the words, even though they were not spoken in their language. Instances of the gift of tongues are recorded in later New Testament books. However, in all these cases the words were directed to God and were not understood by any human being (Pentecostal movement. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge). †¢ Faith healing Faith healing is another practice of Pentecostal church. Faith healing is the curing of physical and mental ailments through religious faith of the sufferers. Medical science recognizes many kinds of physical disorders that are caused or made worse by the patient’s state of mind. These ailments can often be cured or relieved by mental therapy—by changing the patient’s outlook rather than by prescribing medicine. Faith in the curing power of religion or religious relics has often brought about this mental change. Some reported cases faith healing, however, cannot be explained medically (Foster, 2006). Faith healing has been recorded in many religions under various conditions. In the Old Testament, the Syrian general Naaman was cured of leprosy when, as instructed by the prophet Elisha, he washed himself seven times in the River Jordan (II Kings 5:10-14). Jesus performed many miracles of healing. After healing a leper, Jesus said to the man: â€Å"Arise, go thy way; thy faith hath made thee whole† (Luke 17:19). The apostles performed acts of healing. They believed that â€Å"prayer of faith shall save the sick† (James 5:15). III. Conclusion The Pentecostal churches stress the doctrine of perfectionism, or holiness, which states that man has free choice, while still on earth, may become sinless through uniting with God. This doctrine rose in reaction to the Calvinist doctrine of predestination, which states, in part, that man is sinful by nature and may be saved only through God’s choice. Other beliefs common to many Pentecostal churches are the fundamentalist ideas that the entire Bible is literally true and that Jesus will return physically to rule the earth; some of the Pentecostal churches also practice faith healing (Pentecostal churches.New Standard Encyclopedia). Reference 1. Blumhofer, Edith L. Thinking in the Spirit: Theologies of the Early Pentecostal Movement. The Christian Century. Volume: 121. Issue: 7. Page 43+. April 6, 2004. 2. Duin, Julia. Charismatic Movement Transcends Sects. The Washington Times. Page Number: 2. March 31, 2000. 3. Pentecostalism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press, New York, 2004. 4. Wakefield, Dan. Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-First Century. The Nation. Volume: 260. Issue: 3. Page Number: 98+. January 23, 1999. 5. Pentecostal churches. New Standard Encyclopedia. Vol. 13, Page 456-457. 6. Assemblies of God. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York, 2004. 7. Glossolalia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York, 2004. 8. Foster, Mark. Sugar Grove Pentecostal Church Draws Members. Daily Herald. Page Number: 4, Dec. 18, 2006. 9. Ferm, Vergilius. An Encyclopedia of Religion. Philosophical Library. New York,